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* Exploration of Q4 from ECE2062 exam 2007.
u The simulation allows varying the parameters that were to be designed, and someof the non-idealities of the op-amps.
The oscillator shown in Fig. 4 below is required to produce triangle and square waves at a frequency of 1kHz, with the triangle wave ramping between 0 and 5 volts.
6 Assume that the operational amplifiers are ideal in terms of gain, input impedance, output impedance, offsets, frequency response and slew rate. Assume also that the supplies to the operational amplifiers have been adjusted so that the signal range at their outputs is limited to swing between -10V to +10V.
(a) Determine values for V, Rin and C to achieve the required oscillator frequency and output voltage range. (5 marks each value)
V=2, Rin=2.5k, C=0.1F
(b) Removing the ideal assumptions listed above may change the output voltage. Choose the assumption that you think is most likely to have a significant practical effect, and describe the output changes that will result if this assumption is not valid.
U In particular, what would the effects be on frequency and amplitude of oscillation.
Slew rate: adds slopes to the comparator output, and rounded (parabolic) tops to the integrator output. Amplitude of the integrator increases a little, and frequency decreases.
Output resistance of comparator: Decreases amplitude of square wave, by reducing the output swing of the comparator. This decreases the amount of positive feedback, which decreases the amplitude of the integrator. Net result is that frequency is unchanged.
Offset voltage or bias current of integrator: Change symmetry of the waveforms by increasing slope in on direction and decreasing it in the other. Amplitudes unchanged. Frequency decreased.
Z < V
* D \
Z Geneva // Platform=Macintosh, IGORVersion=6.020, architecture=PowerPC
Silent 101 // use | as bitwise or -- not comment.
DefaultFont "Helvetica"
MoveWindow/C 2,591,950,735
MoveWindow/P 368,302,963,627
Control()
Plots()
OpenNotebook/N=MultiVibratorNotes/W=(456,44,959,554)/J=78885 "Notes" as "Multivibrator notes"
Window Plots() : Graph
PauseUpdate; Silent 1 // building window...
Display /W=(35,330,452,553) VoInt,VoCom,VniCom as "Plots"
ModifyGraph rgb(VoCom)=(1,4,52428),rgb(VniCom)=(2,39321,1)
Label left "Volts"
Label bottom "milliseconds"
SetAxis left -10,10
Cursor/P A VoCom 166;Cursor/P B VoCom 500
SetDrawLayer UserFront
SetDrawEnv xcoord= bottom,ycoord= left,linefgc= (65535,0,52428),dash= 3
DrawLine 0,2,3,2
EndMacro
Window Control() : Panel
PauseUpdate; Silent 1 // building window...
NewPanel /W=(37,45,451,303) as "Control"
SetDrawLayer UserBack
DrawPICT 29,86,1,1,PICT_0
DrawText 288,160,"Comparator"
DrawText 120,194,"Integrator"
SetVariable Vref,pos={234,125},size={50,15},proc=Calc,title="V",value= Vref
SetVariable Ci,pos={167,101},size={69,15},proc=Calc,title="(F)"
SetVariable Ci,limits={0,inf,0.02},value= Ci
SetVariable Rin,pos={203,196},size={67,15},proc=Calc,title="k",value= Rin
SetVariable SlewCom,pos={250,57},size={152,15},proc=Calc,title="Slew rate (V/msec)"
SetVariable SlewCom,limits={10,inf,10},value= SlewCom
SetVariable OffSetInt,pos={86,57},size={127,15},proc=Calc,title="Offest voltage"
SetVariable OffSetInt,value= OffSetInt
SetVariable BiasCurInt,pos={96,38},size={117,15},proc=Calc,title="Bias Current"
SetVariable BiasCurInt,limits={-1,1,0.1},value= BiasCurInt
SetVariable RoCom,pos={258,38},size={144,15},proc=Calc,title="Output resistance"
SetVariable RoCom,limits={0,inf,0.1},value= RoCom
EndMacro
#pragma rtGlobals=1 // Use modern global access method.
Macro IdealAnswer()
Vref=2 //Use Volt Kilohm, milliamp, millisec, microFarad
Rin=2.5
Ci=0.1
SlewCom=10000
OffSetInt=0
BiasCurInt=0
RoCom=0
Calc("",0,"","")
End
Function Calc(ctrlName,varNum,varStr,varName) : SetVariableControl
String ctrlName
Variable varNum
String varStr
String varName
NVAR Rin, Ci, Vref //Use Volt Kilohm, milliamp, millisec, microFarad
NVAR SlewCom //Slew rate of comparator
NVAR OffSetInt //Offset voltage of integrator
NVAR BiasCurInt //Bias current of integrator
NVAR RoCom //Output impedance of comparator
WAVE VoInt, VoCom, VniCom
Variable dt=0.003
SetScale/P x 0,dt,"", VoInt,VoCom,VinvInt,VniCom
variable tp=0
Variable IRC //Current in integrator resistor
VoInt[0]=Vref
VoCom[0]=VoInt[0]>Vref ? 10 : -10
VoCom[tp]*=5/(5+RoCom) //Efffect of output impedance
Do
tp+=1
IRC=(VoCom[tp-1]-OffSetInt)/(10) //Current in integrator resistor
VoInt[tp]=VoInt[tp-1]-(IRC-BiasCurInt)*dt/Ci //Increment integrator output
VniCom[tp]=VoInt[tp]*10/(Rin+10)+VoCom[tp-1]*Rin/(Rin+10)
If(VniCom[tp]>Vref) //Comparator high
VoCom[tp]=min(10,VoCom[tp-1]+SlewCom*dt)
Else //Comparator low
VoCom[tp]= max(-10, VoCom[tp-1]-SlewCom*dt)
Endif
VoCom[tp]*=5/(5+RoCom) //Efffect of output impedance
// VoCom[tp]=VniCom[tp]>Vref ? min(10,VoCom[tp-1]+SlewCom*dt) : max(-10, VoCom[tp-1]-SlewCom*dt)
While (tp